If a few years back you were told walking through your future house would be possible even before the first brick was set, would you believe that? The digital era of 3D modeling has drawn new opportunities for architects and constructors. 

Nowadays, Architectural visualization doesn’t need blueprints or physical models to represent the future project. Architectural modeling has become more effective with 3D since it helps to convey the concept better. The models are more informative, more realistic, and more attractive. 

Today, we’re going to have a sneak peek into the evolution of architectural modeling, discuss the benefits and most popular 3D modeling types to use in architecture.

However, let’s define what architectural modeling is first.

What is 3D Architectural Modeling?

3D architectural modeling is the process of creating a 3-dimensional mathematical representation of a building, exterior, or interior design in 3 steps: visualization, construction, and rendering. Architectural modeling in 3D enables designers to create a project of any type, scale, complexity, or material. 

The greatest benefit of 3D architectural modeling is that it allows covering both the interior and exterior of the project. It also makes it easy to update or replace some elements of design before the process is put into action. 

However, that’s not the only benefit.

Benefits of 3D Modeling for Architecture

Creating building and design plans the old way is time-consuming. Not speaking about the time spent on updates and changes. Regarding this, 3D modeling holds great potential for architecture:

• Accuracy 一 3D modeling allows designers to achieve accurate measurements of the whole building or the tiniest design details.
• Speed 一 modeling and drafting time is significantly reduced which makes the work of designers more effective.
• Detailed elaboration 一 3D enables artists to elaborate any level of detail, regardless of the project scale.
• Efficiency 一 with 3D architects can detect potential errors, get insights about the surface patterns and render customized interiors.
• Animation 一 3D enables you to have virtual walkthroughs, virtual house tours, and see the future project from different views and perspectives.

But was it always like that?

Evolution of 3D Architectural Modeling

When it just appeared, 3D modeling was nothing like we know it to be now. And its value for architectural modeling has been underrated for a while. 

This quick overview of the history of 3D modeling for architecture and design should give you more insights.

The Beginning: 1960s

The history of 3D modeling begins with the Sketchpad, a software that could read drawings made with the light pen, invented by Ivan Sutherland in 1963. The Sketchpad was able to produce many similar drawings based on the main drawing. Besides, it could correct all of them when any changes were made to the main one. 

Seems nothing like 3D modeling, right?

The stunning 3D designs we can see now developed through the decades. We’ll review them next.

The First Steps: 1990-200 

Since 3D modeling became more popular it was no longer used only for ads and TV. Many industries incorporated it, including design and architecture. In particular, the situation shifted with the release of many 3D modeling software in the 1990s. The first version of modern Autodesk 3d Max, Cinema 4D, Blender, and Maya appeared around then.

It is around the same time that NURBS modeling began to evolve. Though the first models were low poly and unrealistic, it was a completely new level for architecture and design no one could even imagine.

Gaining popularity: 2000-2010

Over the next decade, the popularity of CGI in architectural modeling only progressed. It opened a lot of new opportunities and functionality for designers. Computer graphic programs became even more advanced. 

In particular, Autodesk 3d Max presented the Fur & Hair module and new materials such as wool and glass. Autodesk Revit, a highly popular software among engineers and architects, was released at this time. Since 3D became more photorealistic, there appeared a lot of programs for rendering during that period as well.

Total Success: 2010-2020

In the last decade, the concept of 3D architectural modeling has become common. You won’t meet any designer or architect who doesn’t use 3D for visualization. You can now find not only a variety of software but plenty of  3D rendering services used in architecture design. 

Architectural modeling now uses more texture, materials, and light effects to produce a high-quality design. You can hardly tell the difference between 3D designs and real photos. 

Top 3D Architectural Modeling Products

The number of software is not the only product of architectural modeling evolution. The diversity of designs has grown too. Architects and designers can create custom models, panoramas, interior & exterior designs, and animation.

Here are the most popular of them.

Architectural Rendering  

It is one of those products of architectural modeling that allows to demonstrate and convey the mood of the interior and exterior of the future house. These renderings display a completed object in reality with an extreme level of realism.

Interactive 3D Panoramas

As the name implies, the viewer can move around the picture to see every angle of the project. It is much better than still views since it immerses clients into the panoramas and ensures a better understanding of the design.

CG Animations

This one is the best if you want people to see how it will feel to move around the future house or building. CG animations are like videos showing you every feature of the project. The only difference is the scene is created in 3D space, yet to be built in real life. 

To create all of these stunning projects, one must explore different tools and types of modeling which we move on to next. 

Types of 3D Modeling for Architecture

There is no one universal way to go with 3D visualization of any kind. There are multiple ways to cover different applications, project times, and budgets.  

Next are the top 3D modeling types you need to ace for any architectural modeling project. 

1. Wireframe 

If you’re looking for a simple and effective tool to create a quick presentation of a simple design, the wireframe is the tool to go with. You can also come across the edge modeling name, but that’s generally the same thing. Wireframe involves outlining a 3D object and filling the space between lines or “wires” with polygons. 

As said, it’s the simplest and quickest way to visualize a project in 3D. 

Note: it is challenging to use for complex and high-scale projects. It may become time-consuming and inaccurate.

2. 3D CAD Modeling 

Architects and designers use 3D CAD modeling to create 3D blueprints for anything ranging from simple houses to skyscrapers. The thing is, a computer-aided design (CAD) uses a complex algorithm to turn 2D drawings into 3D designs. 

CAD models are mathematically precise which makes them perfect for exterior visualization. So, designers can easily implement materials, change colors and add any design elements. No wonder, you will find CAD modeling used in a variety of exterior rendering services.

(video – AutoCAD 3D House Modeling Tutorial)

3. BIM Modeling 

BIM stands for building information models and is the oldest type of 3D modeling. It is also one of the most intelligent and complex types which allow architects, engineers, and constructors to work on the same project together. 

The reason why BIM is so popular in architectural modeling is that it allows designers to generate and edit both physical and functional features of the project. 

Besides, unlike any other architectural CGI, it allows you to work on the whole building and the interior, including spatial relations, infrastructure, lightning, etc. Hence, BIM is universal in terms of all planning and construction steps. 

4. 3D Interior Modeling 

To showcase the selling point of the design the best and pitch the project to investors, designers resort to interior 3D modeling. No technicalities included. Just making the overall look of the design gorgeous. It includes placing contextual decor, adjusting lights and colors, creating furniture pieces, etc.

Since interior design is the biggest selling point that gives away the most value, it is worth covering separately. That’s why interior rendering services are at the peak of popularity too.

The same goes for exterior designs.

5. CGI Exterior Modeling 

Though exterior design in architectural modeling has the same principle as interior, just looking gorgeous is not enough to attract investors. The imagery must not only look impeccable. It has to cover the eco-friendliness, optimization, and infrastructure points.

With the exterior design, it is not enough to only convince investors to purchase the property. You have to ensure the building or house is practical. Thus, designers have to optimize complex plumbing, electricity, and transportation systems along with visualizing the material quality. 

The main idea is to make the CGI visuals convincing. 

3D Architectural Modeling is a New Reality

The adoption of 3D in architectural modeling enables architects and designers to achieve more in less time with reduced costs. 3D makes every step in the project pipeline more effective, detailed, and accurate. 

Ask any designer whether they’ll ever turn to the “old ways”. The answer is obvious. Architectural modeling will never be the same. So, you should likely jump on the 3D bandwagon as well to be a part of this promising technology.

The post 3D Architectural Modeling: Then and Now appeared first on 3D Studio.

Take any modern game and remove all of the characters from it. Despite the outstanding setting, you will have nothing to play with, literally. Character modeling is a pivotal element of any 3D modeling services since they are in high demand in a lot of industries: games, movies, cartoons, marketing, etc. 

Creating a 3D character model might not seem different from any other kind of modeling. But is it, since it requires a certain level of skills and multi-steps to complete a character. 

In this complete guide, we’ll walk you through every stage or character modeling: from drafting basic outlines to animation and rendering and anything in between.

However, let us compare it to 2D characters first.

3D Character Model vs 2D Character Model

Gaming and movie industries have developed long ago and seem nothing like the ones we know now. So basically, the main difference is that you no longer use 2D in games since 3D has all the benefits.

While they both have the right to exist, here is are the main benefit of the 3D character model over its 2D counterpart:

Animation 一 3D character model is easy to animate since it is already created in 3D space. There is no need to redraw it in different poses to display movements. 

Realism 一 3d characters are created with photographic accuracy and an extreme level of detail, original 2D sketches just can’t provide.

Visualization 一 unlike 2D, you can view 3D characters from different angles with more color and realism.

The simplicity of adjustment 一 it is much quicker to update, adjust and reuse 3D models to create new characters or supplement the existing scenes.

No wonder 3D character modeling is more popular than 2D in games, right?

Which Technique is Best for 3D Character Modeling?

Now that you know it’s best to put your efforts on the scales of a 3D character model, it’s time to choose the technique you will use.

Polygon Modeling

Polygon modeling is the basic form of 3D modeling any novice or expert comes across. It is used to create 3D models with polygons that form a polygon mesh. 

Modelers use this technique to create not only 3D characters, but any other game assets since polygons are easy to edit. 

Note: to make sure your model is moving smoothly, remember to add a sufficient number of polygons on movable parts like knees and elbows by subdividing the polygons.

The best thing about this method is you can use high poly modeling to achieve finer details of the objects close to the camera. However, if you need to model background objects or characters you’ll need to learn what is LOD and use low poly. 

NURBS Modeling

NURBS modeling, also known as spline modeling, is a method of creating 3D objects with flexible curves defined by complex mathematics. Applying this technique makes the 3D character model smooth. 

Still, there is a disadvantage.

Individual parts of the model set by the mathematical formula are hard to edit. You can’t edit it without violating the integrity of the whole model. So, the NURBS technique is used less often when it comes to character modeling.

3D Character Modeling Process

As mentioned before, creating a 3D character model is a multi-step process that you should cast a look at before you start. So, now we’ll go through it step-by-step.

Step 1: Creating Basic Design

The very first step in this process is to create a sketch of your future character model with the outline and all of the major features. There is no need to dive deep into details right from the start. It is enough to have an idea of the size and shape of the model to create front and side views. 

You can start with a simple 2D drawing or draft the sketch in the 3D modeling software. Most of them provide that. Once you finish with the outline, place the cube or any other basic geometry to sit in the X, Y, and Z planes. It should correspond to the top, bottom, and sides of your object. 

If you want to get more into your character concept you can also draw additional images of different movements, features, and costumes before you move on. But that’s not a necessity at this stage.

Step 2: Character Modeling

When the basic ideas are finished, the actual modeling process begins. That’s the longest stage in 3D character modeling that also includes several steps.

Blocking

Blocking is the stage when you combine different primitives to create the basic shape of your future model. This forms the basic outline of your character, including face, body, skeleton, and muscle frame. For example, you can combine several cubes and cylinders to fit your 3D character form which you’ll stylize later.

At this stage, you’ll understand that character modeling requires certain knowledge of anatomy to get the harmony of proportions even in hypertrophied forms. 

Sculpting

One of the most important parts of the 3D character modeling process is digital sculpting. Artists use something similar to digital clay to form a high level of detail.  

That’s where many of you might wonder why we didn’t include it in the character modeling techniques.

The thing is sculpting is used to create hyperrealistic details of the object that you couldn’t otherwise achieve with traditional modeling techniques. Still, it is best to use sculpting at this stage to create more details by inserting them into your polygon mesh.

Retopology

The topology of a 3D character model that will be animated is as important as the proper number of polygons. The structure of the surface determines the visual characteristics of the object and makes some details voluminous.  

However, precise 3D characters need to have an ideal topology where the number of polygons doesn’t influence their quality. That is why you have to retopologize your model to organize and align polygons locally. In other words, retopology aims at reducing the number of polygons in a model so the animation runs smoothly.

Unwrapping and Baking

The last thing in the character modeling stage before you can move it into the UV mapping and texturing stages is UV unwrapping and baking. You need to create a 2D representation of your 3D character model and bake it.

This was the last step in modeling a 3D character. But there is also one more to go through to make it complete.

Step 3: Texturing

Even if your 3D character model has impeccable details after you sculpt it and finetune the forms, you still need texture. It brings life to your model and makes it more real-like by applying color and surface. 

Typically, 3D characters have complex textures. So, once you UV unwrap your model you have to use the texture paint tool to apply multiple surface and color attributes like bumps and occlusions.

Those are micro details that matter the most after all. You need the texture to help you cover light effects, reflections, and other physical properties to make your 3D character realistic.

Note: creating shades and setting basic colors requires you to apply different texture maps to your model. Only after this, you can use the material textures to finish up.

Once you texture your 3D character model it is considered complete. All of the other stages need to be covered only in case you want to animate your model. And since 3D characters usually are animated, we have to cover them for you too.

Step 4: Rigging and Skinning

Character animation is a whole new level of 3D modeling. It requires you to know your character joint structure and how they operate to make your model move. For that, it also requires “preparation” in the form of rigging and skinning. 

Rigging is the process of creating a virtual skeleton of your 3D character model that defines the main points to integrate the body of your character together and make it move.

Pro tip: to create a balance between flexibility and realism of your character model movements you usually need from 20 to 100 bones. However, large bone numbers make it hard to manipulate.

Most 3D modeling software comes with ready-made skeleton samples. However, the rig must be consistent with the design of the model. Pay attention to that.

Next comes skinning that you use to secure the surface of the model and the skeleton together. The quality of skinning defines how a 3D character model appears when performing any actions. Once you skin the model, it is ready to be animated.

Step 6: Animation

Animation is the ultimate step in the 3D character modeling pipeline. It deserves a separate article, but we’ll delve into a few nuances to help you understand it better.

At this point, you breathe life into your 3D character. You animate its body movements, create facial expressions and evoke emotions to make it as close to real as possible. Usually, you use special tools to create all of these gestures and manipulate separate body parts. 

But how does it usually work?

As you know, the animation is a series of static images with different details. To reach the maximum realism of the movements, artists use keyframe animation. They define the character position in the first and last frames. All of the other frames are calculated by the program.

 It may sound complicated, but in reality, it is much simpler.

Top 3D Character Modeling Software

At this point, you might be agitated to jump right into the 3D character modeling process. It is totally justified since character modeling is extremely popular right now. 

However, before you do, you need to choose reliable software that will help you go through all of the stages we’ve just covered.

1. 3d Max

It is a paid 3D modeling software that is worth your while. It is one of the most popular character modeling software out there. It provides ready-made models and is compatible with most plug-ins and add-ons. 3d Max will help you to create not only 3D character models but a game environment and the whole world. 

The only drawback is that novices might find it overwhelming. So it is used mainly by professionals.

2. Maya 

Same as 3d Max, Maya is the Autodesk-native software for the character animation stage. Already rigged and skinned models are imported into Maya to get the finest details. It allows artists to work on the smallest movements of hair, clothes, and facial expressions. Maya offers a large set of tools and outstanding rendering capabilities to make the most out of the model.

3. Blender 

If you’re new to 3D character modeling, Blender is the best way to start with any level of knowledge and budget. This is the most popular free option for creating 3D character models and any other 3D objects. Though many of you might get confused with the interface, there are plenty of tutorials and guides to get you going with any character modeling type.

4. ZBrush 

Looking for the standalone modeling and sculpting tool you must come across ZBrush. It is the software-best suited for organic forms which game 3D characters usually are. So it is the best fit if you want to not only model and sculpt an object, but create a UV map, add texture and prepare it for rendering. It seems it does all of the same things as Blender, so there appears to be a never-ending battle of Blender vs ZBrush.

Each of these character modeling software gives you a unique set of features you need at each stage. Nothing stops you from starting simple and moving towards complexity.

The 3D character modeling is full of challenges and pitfalls you have to and will come across along the way. However, it is also deeply satisfying and rewarding since you create something unique every time. 

Hope this step-by-step will help you get into the process faster: right from the start and till the animation.

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Modern gaming has attained great heights in delivering breathtakingly realistic environments with multiple objects and characters. While all of them function at different distances to the viewpoint, few actually add something to the scene. 

Nevertheless, an engine has to process and render all of the objects. It’s exactly when LOD comes into play to ensure fast rendering. But that’s not it.

Today you’re going to learn everything you need to know about what is LOD and why you need it in game and character modeling.

What is LOD?

LOD or the level of detail is the method of reducing the number of polygons in 3D objects based on their distance to the viewer or camera. Modelers use it to reduce the workload on the CPU or the graphics card and increase the efficiency of rendering. 

Correspondingly, there are various levels of detail groups created for each piece of the game scenery. Each of them has a different polygon count and belongs to a group, where the LOD0 group is a fully detailed model and LOD1, LOD2 一 have a lower level of detail, and so on. 

It can range from several thousand triangles in a polygon mesh on the most detailed object and barely a hundred on the least detailed version of the model. 

If you’re wondering whether it influences players’ experience 一 the answer is yes and no. 

The reduced visual quality of the model is rarely paid attention to since objects are distant or moving fast. However, rendering time is significantly improved which doesn’t go unnoticed.

While it seems like a one-size-fits-all solution, you still can’t apply it to all games. 

Note: don’t use LOD on very simple objects with a lot of triangles or games with static camera view. In these cases, mesh optimization is handled differently.

LOD Parameters

Different objects are located at different distances to the viewer during the game. So, distance solely is not a valid factor for defining the level of detail for each object, character and scenery. 

There other some other metrics to consider too:

• Object features ー real-world objects and their elements you have to include
• The complexity of the features ー minimum size of the real-world features and the complexity of their geometry
• Semantics ー spatial-semantic coherence
• Dimensions ー geometry dimension of each feature
• Texture ー the level of quality required for each feature if you need to texture an object

Once you define these, you need to choose which technique to use to create LOD for your object.

Level of Detail Management Techniques

LOD helps to deliver adequate visual quality while avoiding unnecessary computation with the help of the algorithm. However, modern approaches are tailored to the rendered information which is far from what the original algorithm was prone to do. 

Based on the situation there are 2 main methods.

Discrete Levels of Detail (DLOD)

Utilizing the discrete method, you create multiple discrete or distinct versions of the object with a different level of detail. To obtain all of them you need an external algorithm used in various polygon reduction techniques.

During rendering, those versions of the objects with a higher level of detail are substituted for the objects with a lower level of detail and vice versa. It causes a visual popping during the transition which you should at all times.

Continuous Levels of Detail (CLOD)

A continuous level of detail method is best suited for performance-intensive applications and moving objects. It allows you to vary the detail locally. As a result, you can present one side of the object closer to the viewer with more detail and the other side with a reduced level of detail. 

It is possible because of the structure used in the method where the spectrum of detail continuously varies. CLOD enables you to choose the level of detail appropriate for certain situations. Because of the few involved operations, this method provides both lower CPU and faster performance.

Optimize the Level of LOD for a 3D Object

When you start creating polygon meshes, the first question that pops up in your head is ー what is the reasonable number of LOD?

It may sound simple, but it is the second important thing to know after you learn what is LOD. 

And here is why.

If you reduce just a few vertices in a polygon mesh there won’t be any significant performance improvement. All versions of the object will be rendered almost the same. Then, if you reduce the polygons too much, the LOD switching will be too noticeable. 

Pro tip: use an unwritten rule of reducing the number of polygons by 50% for each object of the group (LOD1, LOD2, LOD3, etc), but still tailor it to the size and importance of an object.

Besides, LOD meshes cost you memory and CPU workload. So, too many of them will require much processing and increase the file size. Keep that in mind.

How to Create LOD Meshes?

With all of the fancy 3D modeling software and modifiers they come with, it shouldn’t be hard for you to create LOD meshes for your game objects. 

Still, you can do this both manually and automatically. 

Manually 

When you create a level of detail manually all you need to do is just remove some number of vertices of a 3D object and the loops of polygons. You can also switch off the smooth for your LODs.

While you do this within the software it still requires a lot of time. So, you might be better off automating this process.

Automatically

With the automatic option, conversely, you have much more options. You can use the modifier inside the 3D software we’ve just mentioned. The most popular are ProOptimizer for 3DSMax or Generate LOD Meshes in Maya. 

If you like, you can go with a separate LOD generation software like Simplygon or explore the built-in LOD generation features some game engines provide (e.g. Unreal Engine 4). 

In any case, when you create LOD meshes automatically you simply need to specify the models in the LOD numbers and the distance from the camera each of them stands for.

Note: when working with automatic tools keep the backups of your work and do proper testing to ensure they don’t damage the UVs of your model.

The level of detail is a must for high-end games since it influences viewers’ experience and the rendering time of the whole setting. As soon as you start getting into it and learn how to 3D model, creating LOD seems like a breeze. Especially with all the details you’ve learned today. 

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A polygon mesh is a word used in 3D modeling so often, its meaning has almost faded away. So, if you want to learn what is 3D modeling, you have to delve into the polygon mesh concept too. 

In this short guide, we’ll shed some light on its basic components, and the process in general to give you a better idea of a polygon mesh.

What is Polygon Mesh?

A polygon mesh is the collection of vertices, edges, and faces used to define the shape and the contour of the 3D object. It is the oldest form of geometry representation used in computer graphics to create objects in 3D space. 

The idea behind it is simple. Polygon stands for the “planar” shape made out of connecting virtual points. But polygon mesh is far more than that. 

So, let’s get into more detail here.

Polygon Mesh: Elements

Though the concept of the polygon mesh is a little blurry, it all comes to be simple once you study the geometry behind it.

These are the elements of a polygon mesh:

• Vertices 一 points in 3D space that comprise a face and store the x, y, and z coordinates information.
• Edges 一 lines that connect two vertices.
• Faces 一 closed set of edges where three-edged face forms a triangle mesh and a four-edged face 一 a quad. Faces contain surface information used for lighting and shadows.
• Polygons 一 a set of faces (usually when you have more than four connected vertices).
• Surfaces 一 groups of connected polygons that define different elements of the mesh.

Note: usually you want the number of vertices that make up a face to be in the same plane. However, if you have more than three vertices, polygons can be either concave or convex.

Except for all the elements we’ve already discussed, it’s important to mention the UV coordinates too, since most meshes support them. UV coordinates comprise the 2D representation of a 3D object to define how the texture is applied to it while UV mapping.

Though polygon mesh finds application through a variety of techniques, it is not the ultimate solution. There still are objects that you can’t create with the mesh representations. 

It can’t cover curved surfaces and organic objects generally. Not speaking about liquids, hair, and other creased objects which are hard to create with the basic polygon mesh.

Construction Of Polygonal Meshes

Before we get into more details of the polygon mesh creation process, we’d like to cover the most common tools you use for constructing them. 

Though you could create a polygon mesh manually by defining all the vertices and faces, the more common way is to use specific tools.

Subdivision

The Subdivision tool, as the name implies, splits edges and faces into smaller pieces by adding new vertices and faces. The old vertices and edges define the position of the new faces. However, it may alter the old vertices connected in the process.

e.g. You can subdivide a square face into four smaller squares by adding one vertex at the center and each side of a square. 

Generally, subdivision produces a much dense mesh with more polygonal faces and has practically no limit. It can continue infinitely many times until you create a more refined mesh.

Extrusion

In this method, the outline of the entire object is traced from the 2D image or drawing and extruded into 3D. Extrusion tool applied to a face or a group of faces to create a new face of the same size and shape.  

In other words, modelers create half of the object, duplicate the vertices, invert their location in relation to some plane and connect two parts. It is very common in modeling faces and heads to reach more symmetrical forms.

Conjunction

The last but not least method of creating polygon mesh is connecting different primitives 一 predefined polygonal meshes provided by most 3D modeling software. They include cylinders, cubes, pyramids, squares, discs, and triangles.

Now let’s walk you through the process of creating a polygonal mesh.

How Do You Create a Polygon Mesh?

Whether it is a video game, 3D product, or cartoon character you’re modeling, it all starts from a mesh. That’s why all of the most popular 3D modeling software, like Maya, 3d Max, and Blender, provide you tools for creating, texturing, rendering, and animating 3D polygon meshes.

Creating polygon mesh usually starts from drawing the basic shapes of the future object from different angles. At least front, and side views. 

The actual modeling process starts from creating a low poly model to define the general forms of the object. To add on details to your input mesh, you move it into a high poly modeling stage and increase the number of polygons with any construction tool you like.

Note: higher number of polygons makes your model resource-heavy and hard to process on applications with small computational power. Keep that in mind while creating your model.

Once modelers reach the intended level of detail with the polygon mesh, they texture the object to make it more real-like. However, adding basic color doesn’t cover it. 

To make a model look like a variety of surfaces and even apply each plane a unique texture, 3D modelers map places of the mesh on an image. That’s exactly when UV coordinates come into play. 

And that covers it. 

That’s the final step for your polygon mesh, but not your model. If you want to animate your object, it also has to go through the rigging and any other part of the 3D animation pipeline. 

To see how this all works in action, check this awesome guide: 

Is Polygon Mesh a Must?

Once you read through the article, you’ll know the answer to this question. It is the basis of 3D since almost all modeling techniques use it. That draws a conclusion that you can’t really learn how to 3D model without learning about what a polygon mesh represents first. 

At least now you know more about its basic elements. All you need next is to leverage that knowledge and dive into modeling.

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Creating high-end 3D models with an exceptional level of detail and varied complexity is how you could describe digital sculpting in one sentence. It is one of the best technologies to use for creating detailed organic models with lower polygon count and faster rendering.

Though digital sculpting often gets less attention than 3D modeling, it has a lot to bring to the table. That’s why almost all the best 3D modeling software provides sculpting tools for better workflow. 

Today, you’ll learn about the benefits of digital sculpting and where you could apply it.

What is Digital Sculpting?

Digital sculpting, also known as 3D sculpting, is a process of creating a detailed 3D object by pushing, pulling, smoothing, and pinching the material called digitized clay. 

Digital sculpting does exactly what the name implies ーit takes real-life sculpting to the digital level. The 3D sculptor uses the clay to manipulate the shape until the final forms start to come up, just like a real sculptor but in the digital environment. 

Artists use complicated calculations and various virtual tools and materials to make polygon mesh act like real clay. Besides, depending on the complexity of the model, digital sculpting can take hours or hundreds of hours. But the final result is always worth it.

And the process is not that complicated. 

What is the Process?

Digital sculpting is very much like real-life sculpting since it is also a multi-layer process of dividing a model into blocks. It all starts with the formless mesh and a basic silhouette of a future object. However, it could be either a basic model created with the 3D modeling software or a simple shape.

Then digital sculptor starts to tweak the geometry of the object with a digital brush to twist, carve, and stretch the mesh until the basic form is achieved. At this stage, the artist can remove some layers or create a more meticulous mesh.

The most popular brushes to use here are:

• Smooth brush 一 to turn rough surfaces smooth
• Curve brush 一 to create indentations and curves
• Groom brush 一 to modify fiber-based objects
• Clip brush 一 to cut away materials
• Curve bridge brush 一 to meld bridges between curves

The next step in a digital sculpting process is to subdivide the geometry to achieve more details. 

The subdivision continues until the digital sculptor reaches the desired level of detail. 

Note: 3D sculpting used a lot of computer resources, so the process will get slower and require more power to process with each layer.

Texturing is the final step in digital sculpting where the sculptor applies texture maps to add minor details to the final object and get a more realistic output.

It is quite similar to 3D modeling. So the main question is 一 how is it different from it?

3D Modeling vs 3D Sculpting

3D modeling is a broad concept that shades other technologies used in a 3D environment. Whereas modeling and sculpting are quite similar, there still is some contrast between the two.

To start with, the main difference between these two technologies is the nature of the generated 3D objects, though both provide an outstanding level of detail.

3D modeling relies heavily on the geometry of the object and mathematical calculations. So the main “tools” it deploys are polygons, lines, vector points, and different geometric shapes. These are perfect for hard surface modeling used in architecture and product visualization. 

3D sculpting, on the other hand, is a perfect choice for organic models that come out having smoother outlines and curves. The geometry is manipulated with the brush tool to get softer edges and strikingly real 3D objects. So, sculpting is ideal for 3D character modeling.

If you’re wondering whether it’s best to use one over the other ー the answer is no. Both 3D sculpting and modeling provide great results depending on the object you want to create.

Nevertheless, sometimes you can even use both technologies. If your object is to be animated, it has to be modeled first and sent for sculpting. Only after this does it gets layered over the animation and rendered. 

So, you can’t compare them since they’re often used interchangeably.

Digital Sculpting Real-life Application

If 50 years ago you told someone that creating a real-life object in 3D space would be possible they’ll react the same as people told about TV a century ago. Technology develops and 3D modeling, digital sculpting in particular, is avidly used throughout a variety of industries. 

Cinematography 

Modern cinema has become so immersive, it is even hard to define when it is real and when generated in 3D space. So, there is a growing need for more advanced and impeccably realistic 3D characters created via digital sculpting. 

Product Design

Digital sculpting provides you with seamless opportunities to achieve unconventional product designs with any type of curve or shape. That’s why it is used for product design, prototyping and development too.

Gaming

Gaming is the industry that relies heavily on 3D sculpting to get the most out of their characters. High-end games use digital sculpt texture maps to reduce the polygon count and overall size of the game.

Advertising

Since design plays a huge role in grabbing customers’ attention it is vital to use uniform models and objects in advertising. That’s what 3D sculpting is there for. So you’ll find a lot of sculpted faces and form on posters and billboards these days.

Best Digital Sculpting Software

As you can see digital sculpting is an in-demand skill that doesn’t come naturally, The process is completely different from 3D modeling. So you need the best tools to hone your skills.

ZBrush 一 is the best 3D sculpting software out there that has become a standard for highly detailed models. It offers a wide range of options from 3D modeling and texturing to sculpting to rendering. ZBrush is an all-in-one tool that has complex features, so it is aimed at more experienced users.

Mudbox 一  is a perfect tool if you want to start sculpting a model from a polygon mesh. It uses a layers approach to pass details onto the object and multiple other tools to manipulate the forms. So, it’s very intuitive and perfect for beginners.

Meshmixer 一 is considered too basic when compared to other top-notch software. However, it allows creating objects with a much lower polygon count while maintaining a high level of detail. Moreover, Meshmixer offers an online manual which makes it recommended for any 3D sculpting novices.

Pros and Cons of 3D Sculpting

3D sculpting is not as hard as it seems before you start. However, don’t get too agitated to jump right into it, especially if you’re new to the world of 3D. It has some pitfalls too. 

To sum up, let’s go through the benefits and drawbacks of digital sculpting:

At this point, you should have the question about 一 What is digital sculpting? 一  totally covered. It is a growing trend in a 3D environment for a variety of reasons like an impeccable level of detail or a straightforward and intuitive modeling process.

Though it requires certain skills to achieve great results, as soon as you start 3D sculpting you’ll realize it is easier than you’d expect. After all, it is a great asset to your modeler’s skill set, especially when you learn how to 3D model. 

Give it a shot and you won’t regret it.

The post Digital Sculpting Software for Beginners: Where to Start From? appeared first on 3D Studio.

The texture map is a final piece of a puzzle you just can’t do without when creating a model.  Same as none of the 3D visualization or 3D modeling services would be able to provide outstanding results if it wasn’t for the variety of texture maps. 

They are used to create special effects, repeating textures, patterns, and fine details like hair, skin, etc. If you have complete mesh and a UV map, simply applying texture to it won’t yield the results. 

You need texture maps to define the color, shininess, glow, transparency, and many other qualities of your 3D model. And these are just a few of them. 

We’re going to get you familiar with the most common types of texture maps in 3D modeling and their categories.

But first things first.

What is Texture Mapping?

Texture mapping, in its essence, means applying a 2D image onto the surface of 3D objects, known as UV mapping, so the computer can generate that data on the object during rendering.

Simply put: texture mapping is like wrapping an image around the object to map the pixels of the texture to the 3D surface.

It significantly reduces the number of polygons and lightning calculations required to create a sophisticated 3D scene.

PBR vs Non-PBR Modeling

You start working with texture long before you even finish your mesh since you always have to keep it in mind. The software you create a model for determines what texture maps you will use to add details.

There are texture maps for PBR or non-PBR materials. Both provide photorealistic textures, but one is a good fit for game engines and the other for marketing and promotional purposes. 

PBR is an abbreviation for physical-based rendering that uses accurate lighting to achieve photorealistic textures. Though it appeared in the 1980s, it’s become a standard for all materials now.

The best 3D modeling software to use PBR are Unity, Unreal Engine 4, Painter, Substance, and upcoming Blender v2.8. 

Non-PBR, on the contrary, also accounts for stunning photorealistic results, but at a much higher price. You need to use a lot more maps and settings to get these results even with the flexibility of the textures.

Maya, 3ds Max, and Modo are the most common applications that use non-PBR texture maps. 

With that said, if you create your 3D models for a game engine, you’d better go with the PBR textures. Still, if you pursue promotional purposes, you’ll be just fine rendering a model with non-PBR texture.

Pro tip: either way, you have to UV unwrap your model so the texture is mapped onto your model the way you intend it to, regardless of the texture type used.

PBR Texture Maps

Now, since the PBR is becoming more standardized and offers more variety of texture maps, we’ll start with them. 

As stated before, having a 2D image you want to place onto your 3D model is not enough to get the result. You use multiple texture maps to tweak different options to add richness and subtlety to your model. So, each map is responsible for different effects.

There are the following texture maps:

1. Albedo

Albedo texture maps are one of the most basic maps you use in your model since they define its basic color with no shadows or glare. Regarding this, they can be a flat light image of the pattern you want to apply to your object or a single color. 

Note: to avoid inconsistency in your 3D model, make sure the lighting is flat. The lightning may be different from the source image. It only creates unnecessary shadows.

Besides, they are often used to shade reflected light, especially in metal textures.

2. Ambient occlusion

Map scale: Gray 一 black denotes shadowed areas and white 一 the most lit areas.

If you’re looking for something opposite to Albedo maps but can’t find the name for it 一 it’s ambient occlusion map often referred to as AO. AO texture maps are usually combined with the albedo by the PBR engine to define how it reacts to light.

It is used to improve the realism of the object by simulating the shadows generated by the environment. So, shadows are not solid black, but more realistic and softer, especially at places that get less light.

3. Normal

Map scale: RGB values 一 green, red, and blue that correspond to X, Y, and Z axis.

In normal maps, RGB values (green, red, and blue) are used to create bumps and cracks in your model to add more depth to the polygon mesh. The R, G, and B dictate the X, Y, and Z axis of the base mesh in three directions to ensure better accuracy.

Moreover, it is important to note that normal maps don’t change the base geometry of an object. They just use complex calculations to fake the dents or bumps with the light effects. 

Note: since there is a lot of light used in a normal map, you should hide the seams of your object better, unless you want them to be clearly seen.

With such an approach these bumps are not visible past a certain viewing point, especially if they are exaggerated. However, it allows keeping the polygon count low while getting a real object.

So, it’s a win-win.

4. Roughness 

Map scale: Gray 一 black represents the maximum roughness, white 一 smooth surface.

A roughness or glossiness texture map is a self-explanatory map. So, it defines how smooth your model is, depending on how light reflects off it. This map is vital since different objects have different levels of roughness. Like, the light won’t be scattered across a mirror and rubber in the same way. 

So to reflect it in your model in the best possible way you have to tweak the roughness value. If it’s zero, the model won’t scatter light at all. The lightning and reflections will be brighter in this case. 

On the other hand, if it’s full, your material will get much more light scattered around. However, the lighting and reflection will appear dimmer.

5. Metalness

Map scale: Gray 一 black denotes non-metallic, white 一 fully metallic.

This one’s fairly easy to guess. This texture map defines whether an object is made of metal. Metal reflects light differently than other materials, so it can make a difference to the final look of your object. It easily simulates the real material and is closely tied with the albedo map.

Though metal maps are grayscale, it is recommended to use only black and white values.

Black, in this case, represents that part of the map using albedo map as the diffuse color and white 一 to define the brightness and color of the reflections and set black as the diffuse color for materials.

The reflections provide the details and color for the materials, so the diffuse color is not relevant in this case.

Overall, metal maps provide great value, but being tied with albedo maps sets some limitations for using them. 

6. Height

Map scale: Gray 一 black represents the bottom of the mesh, white 一 the peak.

To take one step further from the normal texture map, you have to use height maps. They give you the best details that look equally good at all angles and different lighting. 

Height maps are considered resource-intensive. Instead of faking the dents and bumps they actually modify the geometry of your model. Adding small details to the mesh doesn’t seem like a big deal until you realize that finer details come at a price. 

Pro tip: if you want to use height texture maps on the web, it’s best to bake them when exporting a 3D model.

Height maps increase the polygon count of an object. It might be fine for high poly modeling, but still, these maps slow down the rendering time. That’s why it is only used by high-end game engines, while others prefer normal maps. 

7. Specular

Map scale: full RGB 一 green, red and blue (metallic left out of albedo).

The alternative to the metalness map is the specular map that provides the same effect if not better. This texture map is responsible for the color and amount of light reflected by the object. It is important if you want to create shadows and reflections on non-metallic materials.

In PBR textures, specular ones affect how your albedo is rendered out of the desired texture and can use full RGB color for that.

Let’s say you want to create a brass material with the metal map. In this case, you just paint that section of your map a brass color in the albedo. The material will appear brass. 

Instead, if you use a specular map the brass section of the albedo will be black. Here you will need to paint the brass details onto the specular map. The result will be the same 一 material will appear brass.

Though you get more flexibility with specular maps, the process adds more complexity to this method.

So, it’s up to you which one to use 一 metalness or specular.

8. Opacity

Map scale: Gray 一 black defines transparent, white 一 opaque.

Since metal, wood, and plastic are not the only materials you use in your models, it is important to know about the opacity texture map. It allows you to make certain parts of your model transparent, especially if you’re creating glass elements or tree branches.

However, if your object is solid glass or made from other translucent material, it’s better to use the constant value of 0.0 being opaque and 1.0. 一 transparent.

9. Refraction

Map scale: constant value.

The material of an object defines how the light reflects off it. The light correspondingly affects whether an object looks real enough. It is especially important for certain surfaces like glass and water since they affect the speed of the light that travels through them. 

So, the light bends when it passes through gas or liquid which is called refraction. That is why certain things look distorted when viewed through a transparent object. Refraction contributes to that in real life and refraction texture maps help to replicate it in 3D space.

10. Self-illumination

Map scale: full RGB.

Same as the object can reflect the “external” light it can emit some light to be seen in dark areas as well. That’s where the last full PBR texture map 一 self-illumination or emissive color map 一  comes into play. 

It is used to create some LED buttons or simulate the light shining from buildings. Basically, it is like an albedo map, but for light.

Pro tip: while you can light an entire scene with the self-illumination map, it can wash realism off your 3D model. It’s better to use conventional lighting in this case. 

(Image-2 Texture Maps Guide)

Non-PBR Texture Maps

Since non-PBR texture maps are not standardized or used through a variety of 3D modeling software, there are quite a few to cover.

Diffuse

Diffuse maps are equivalent to the albedo maps. They not only define the basic color of your object but are used by the software to shade the reflected light. That’s actually what differs the diffuse map from albedo. 

Diffuse maps aren’t made with flat light and use shadow information to tint surrounding objects with color. You’d hardly notice it, but it will make your 3D object more realistic.

Bump

Map scale: Gray 一 black indicated the lowest point of geometry, white 一 the highest.

Bump maps are similar to the normal PBR maps but are more basic in that case. They are the least resource-intensive and use simple algorithms to alter the appearance of your 3D model. 

Unlike normal maps, they don’t use RGB to dictate three dimensions of a space. Instead, they utilize grayscale maps that work in an up or down direction, where black is the lowest point of the geometry and white is the highest.

However, there is a disadvantage. Bump texture maps are the best fit for flat surfaces since faking the geometry on round objects and their edges is faltering.

This inaccuracy is why the scale is tipped in favor of the normal maps.

Reflection

Finally, the reflection maps are equivalent to the gloss/roughness maps in the PBR workflow. They are usually a constant value used to define where your object should cast a reflection. 

Note: reflection is visible on the entire object, unless you use different materials. 

Working with textures is not simple. You should have gotten it by now. Texture mapping is a critical skill to master as textures make your 3D object complete. So, it is an important step you can’t miss out on when you learn how to 3D model.

A plain polygon mesh wouldn’t be as stunning as it is with textures, don’t you agree?

The post 3D Texture Maps Fundamentals appeared first on 3D Studio.

Your 3D object is good only as long as it looks realistic. The realism and details, correspondingly, can’t be achieved through creating a polygon mesh. You need textures. 

That’s exactly when the subject of this article – the UV map – takes the stage. Most 3D modeling software creates the UV layout when the mesh is created. However, that doesn’t mean you don’t need to edit and adjust it to fit the requirements of a model. Then there is UV mapping and unwrapping which 3D modeling can’t do without. 

Sounds difficult?

Still, these concepts only sound complicated. In reality, it is much simpler and we’re going to prove it.

What is a UV Map?

A UV map is a two-dimensional representation of a surface of the 3D object. It is constructed from UV or texture coordinates that correspond to the vertex of the model information. Each texture coordinate has a corresponding point in 3D space – a vertice. So, these coordinates serve as the marker points that define what pixels on the texture correspond to what vertices.

Note: U and V in the UV map denote the horizontal and vertical axes of the 2D texture, since X, Y, and Z are already used to denote these of a 3D space.

The UV map is vital to 3D workflow. So you can’t miss it out when you learn how to 3D model. Though most applications create the UV layout as the model is created, don’t rely on it to do all the work for you.

Very often you have to edit or even create a UV map from scratch. It is called UV unwrapping.

UV Unwrapping: Elements

UV unwrapping is the process of unfolding or flattening your 3D geometry into a 2D representation so each polygon and face of a 3D object is tied to a face in the UV map. 

Unfortunately, distortions are inevitable when you UV unwrap your model. The size and shape of polygons have and will change to fit the flattening process. So, you have to do your best to cause as few distortions as possible while keeping the seams to the minimum.

And there are other things too.

Seams

A seam is a part of the mesh you have to split to create a 2D UV map out of your 3D mesh.

If your texture isn’t stretched and the object has hard edges, splitting all the polygons could seem like a perfect option. However, it will only be a downside in the form of a large number of seams.

Is there a way around this?

You can reduce the number of seams at a price of distorted texture which eventually won’t flow around the object smoothly.

Don’t be hard on yourself. It is nearly impossible to make the seams unnoticeable. Instead, you can learn to hide them by following certain rules:

• Hide the seams behind other parts of an object.
• Use an automatic mapping projection tool to project UV maps from multiple planes. 
• Make the seams follow the hard edges or cuts of the model.
• Create them to be underneath or behind a focal point of your model.
• Paint over the theme in the texture directly inside the 3D application.

Pro tip: once you create a UV map with the UV editor, create a snapshot of the UV map with the corresponding tool in your software. It will take a picture of your UV map and save it in the preferred image format. Then you’ll be able to import it in the 2D paint tool and paint onto the 3D model.

Overlapping UVs

Another pitfall you’re going to encounter when UV mapping is overlapping UVs. It happens when you have two or more polygons that occupy the same UV space. Correspondingly, overlapping UVs are when these polygons are put on top of one another and display the same texture. 

Usually, you have to avoid overlapping UVs so the texture looks correct and varied. However, sometimes you may even use it intentionally to repeat the texture on multiple parts of your mesh if it’s too basic. 

Note: It keeps the sizes of your texture down and makes the game engine run smoother if required, especially if the model is intended for mobile.

UV Channels

In case you need multiple UV maps for your 3D model, especially for game engines, you should explore UV channels. 

Sometimes, you might not need texture maps for your model, but still, need a UV map for light baking. Many real-time engines, like Unity or Unreal Engine 4 need that. In this case, there is no place for overlapping UVs since the shadow information will be applied to the wrong parts of the model.

Alternatively, you can use 2 UV channels 一 one with the UV map for textures and the other with the UV information for lighting.

Now that we’ve covered the elements of the UV map, it’s time to delve deeper into how it is applied to the object.

UV Mapping Projection Types

While UV unwrapping is the process of translating your 3D model into a 2D representation, UV mapping is about projecting a 2D image on the 3D surface so the 2D texture is wrapped around it. 

Usually, it is done through the projection technique which deploys different UV map projection types. They are usually based on simple geometric shapes which are a great way to start.

Spherical Map

As the name implies, spherical projection is used on the objects with the spherical form to wrap the texture around the polygon mesh. 

Cylindrical Map

Objects that can be enclosed completely and visible within the cylinder, like a leg or an arm, are mapped with the cylindrical projection type.

Planar Map

If a 3D object is very simple and relatively flat, planar projection is the best option to project a UV map onto it. Otherwise, if a model is too complex, the planar projection will cause overlapping UVs and distort the texture.

The same goes for all projection types we’ve just mentioned. Once you start 3D character modeling or any other type of modeling that works with complex meshes, you’ll find these projection types not very useful. 

Nevertheless, you still have full control over the UV map since you can apply a different projection type to every face of the mesh to achieve better results. Besides, you can opt for some advanced features some software offers you too.

Best Software for UV Mapping

While you master UV mapping, you find out that some basic features are not enough to reach the results you aim for. That’s when using software is the best option. There are quite a lot of applications that offer you different features, but here are the top 3 you should consider:

• Blender 一 is an open-source free 3D modeling software for fast modeling. Except for all the features like the animation toolset, photorealistic rendering, simulations, and object tracking, it offers to reduce UV unwrapping from hours to minutes.

• Ultimate Unwrap 3D 一  a paid tool for Windows that allows you to infold and unwrap 3D models. Besides, it goes with a set of UV mapping projections, a comprehensive UV editor, and a camera mapping.

• Rizom UV 一 is also a paid tool with a set of features that justify the price. It offers UV copying, magnet wields, auto seams, poly loop selection, Tile/Island naming, and more.

Conclusion

UV mapping is a critical skill to know since it allows you to transition your texture onto the model smoothly. Besides, it is not only the flattened topology of your model but a basis for your map bakes. 

So you have to keep mapping in mind while you create a model since a bad UV map can make even the best 3D objects look awful. Though UV mapping is a set of concepts and terms that may confuse you at first, it starts getting simpler along the way. Hope this guide helps you get one step closer to understanding UV maps better.

The post Beginners’ Guide to UV Mapping and Unwrapping appeared first on 3D Studio.

In cases when you need to represent the standard geometry of an object as accurately as possible, NURBS modeling is the best option to go with. 

The accuracy is what makes it a good choice for computer-aided modeling (CAM). Besides, NURBS is one of many modeling techniques, you just can’t miss out when you learn how to 3D model.

Though it has plenty of advantages due to the surface quality – It often goes unappreciated because of the complexity of the modeling process. So, it’s time to clear the doubts and get you to know NURBS better.

What is NURBS modeling?

NURBS modeling stands for the Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines. They are a type of Bezier curves generated through a mathematical formula. So, it is used to represent different types of 3D shapes with complex mathematics. 

That’s why NURBS models are extremely flexible and suitable for all surface modeling processes: detailed illustrations, animation, and designs sent to production assembly lines.

What is the best software for NURBS modeling?

1. Blender – The best free tool for beginners. You can get started with a great program for NURBS modeling.
2. Rhino – It is much easier to use than Studiotools. Many people prefer Rhino also for its parametric modeling addons.
3. Mol – it is a more user friendly and easier program. It costs a lot less than Rhino.
4. Autodesk Alias – The best NURBS modeller by far. It can handle surfaces better compared to Rhino. If you are making models that will be manufactured, I highly recommend to try this software.
5. Ayam – One more free option. It is still being updated and developed to this day.

Modeling with NURBS

NURBS modeling is a great basis for creating 3D objects. With this technology, they can be constructed with either NURBS primitives or surfaces. 

In the first case, objects are in the form of basic geometric forms like a cube, cylinder, cone, sphere, etc. You can create any 3D shape from these forms by cutting out the unwanted parts, using sculpting tools, or changing the attributes of the primitives. 

Regarding the NURBS surfaces, you need to start by constructing the NURBS curves and surfaces to build the 3D form upon. Only then should you construct the NURBS surface.

What is the Difference Between Polygonal and NURBS Modeling?

You’ll meet polygonal and NURBS modeling in any 3D modeling services since they are quite similar. Still, some differences tell them apart. Since you’ve probably already gone through polygonal modeling, we have to cover these differences to show the contrast. 

Modeling Workflow

Creating objects in polygonal modeling is easy because it is usually an N-gon used to manipulate and change the mesh.  

In NURBS, on the contrary, objects are always 4-sided which sets some limitations in the modeling workflow.

What is more, NURBS objects are always separated and hard to attach, though you won’t even see the seams between them. 

Pro tip: convert a NURBS object into a polygon mesh in case you want to animate it, so the joints don’t come apart.

File Size

Oftentimes when you transfer polygonal models created to different 3D modeling software and programs, meshes get distorted for multiple reasons. 

However, you may not face the same issue with NURBS modeling since the files that contain mathematical model points are easily read. Moreover, the NURBS files are smaller in size which also makes them easier to store.

Texturing

To easily wrap textures around your 3D object you need to split it into a flat 2D representation – a UV map. It makes your object more realistic. 

Unfortunately, it won’t work with NURBS. You can’t UV unwrap the NURBS objects so it’s better to use polygonal mesh to adjust texture onto your mesh. 

Calculations

Polygonal modeling uses flat planes or polygons to create an object. Correspondingly, it calculates these polygons. However, it calculates the lines between the points, so it can’t make a smooth curve.

Note: You can use smoothing groups and increase the number of polygons to create the perception of the smoother curves.

NURBS, on the other hand, uses complex mathematics to calculate the splines between points that comprise a mesh.

While it allows higher accuracy than in polygonal modeling, NURBS calculations are harder to process. No wonder you’ll never see NURBS in video games. It is not used in applications where rendering time has to be fast.

The Advantages of NURBS

Maybe the complexity of mathematical calculations now scares you off the NURBS route. Whereas it has too many control points when compared to polygonal modeling, it has plenty of benefits you shouldn’t overlook. Learn more about a polygon mesh here.

• NURBS surfaces are easy to construct
• It offers smoother open, close, and clamped curves
• NURBS surface types are applied in different domains like vector graphics
• You can import NURBS data to different modeling, rendering, animation, or engineering analytic software
• NURBS helps to create curves and different types of organic 3D shapes
• You need less information to represent NURBS geometry, unlike with faceted approximations
• The evaluation rule of NURBS is accurately implemented on any computer graphics

And that’s not the end of the list. When you take a closer look, you’ll find out there is even more to it.

Is it Worth a Try? (Conclusion)

While NURBS modeling may seem like a tough nut to crack, you shouldn’t be discouraged from using it. The accuracy of the mathematically calculated 3D representation really pays off. 
You can use NURBS modeling to create a basis. Then convert the object into a polygonal mesh. Isn’t it a great start?

The post An Introduction to NURBS Modeling Software appeared first on 3D Studio.

You can only distinguish one thing from a variety of 3D models produced with different modeling techniques and in different 3D modeling software. It is polygon count since it defines the level of visual fidelity and details.

Various industries, correspondingly, need different levels of detail in their 3D objects which establishes the high and low poly modeling. Since these are the widespread types of 3D modeling, the number of polygons is not the only thing that distinguishes them.

Hence, we’ll go through the general definition of high poly modeling, define the main differences between low and high poly models, and cover what spheres they are mostly used in. 

Are you ready?

What is a High Poly Model?

A high poly model is a 3D object with a high polygon count created from 2D shapes combined into a polygonal mesh to achieve fine details.

Therefore “high” here stands only for the number of polygons used to create a model. Higher polygon count provides you with a diverse geometry you can manipulate to get better shapes. 

Creases on clothes or curves on human faces can’t be created without high poly models. This makes it easier for you to determine which object has a high poly or low poly mesh.

Would you be able to tell?

High Poly Modeling vs Low Poly Modeling

When we talk about high poly models we can’t but mention the low poly modeling as the opposite of it. You already know that these two types of modeling are defined by the number of polygons used. 

However, that’s not it. 

Details

The main thing that helps you differentiate between low and high poly is the level of detail. High poly models are more detailed, while low poly models don’t have the same impression because of the smaller number of polygons and simpler mesh.

Note: Use texture baking to simulate how the light behaves on an object when rendered. If you do this correctly, your low poly model will create a visual impression of a high poly object.

Still, there is a way around this if you want to use low poly models preserving a high level of details.

Ease of Usage

Though a high number of polygons allows you to achieve finer details, high polygon models are hard to work with in terms of loading, viewing, and editing. It takes time to load the edits and move around the viewpoint. So, high poly modeling is considered “heavier”. 

Above all, creating a high poly model can become a nightmare if you create it with millions of polygons, but use old hardware that just can’t handle it.

Low poly models, on the other hand, are much easier to work on due to cleaner topology.

Rendering Time

Same as the modeling process, rendering takes time regarding the complexity of the model. 

Would you take a guess which is easier to render?

Low poly models will come in handy when you develop a game and need to do a lot of on-the-fly rendering. They use less computational power so render extremely fast compared to high poly models that take hours to complete.

However, once again, file details come at a price. Some consider hours of waiting to be a reasonable price. 

Texture Maps

The second important thing you need to consider after the number of polygons is the texture you use. And it is not only normal map or diffuse maps that matter here. The number and size of the images you add to a texture map count as well. It adds resources to your model which then need to be calculated.

High poly modeling is considered resource-heavy. Therefore, you can use many images of different resolutions to achieve higher fidelity. 

Low poly models, on the other hand, can’t afford it. Since they use less computational power, they are “lighter”. Regarding this, you rarely use images larger than 4096×4096 in low poly models.

Pro Tip: condense all of the maps you use to fit into a texture sheet to apply to the UV model. It will take less time to render.

Low Poly and High Poly Modeling Use Cases

Since 3D modeling has been incorporated in multiple industries it is hard to define where high poly modeling and low poly are used the most. However, we’ll try to cover the most common cases.

High Poly Mesh Detail

Let’s start with the high poly models:

• Photorealistic 3D representations for any industry that requires a high level of detail from prototyping to promotional purposes. Correspondingly, it benefits architectural modeling, eCommerce catalog creation, prototyping toys and furniture items, etc.

• HD 360 viewers for marketing and promotion can use high poly models to achieve an excellent level of visual accuracy. And you should not be afraid to add on the zooms. High poly modeling maintains an even level of detail and avoids distortions.

• Cross-sections and assembly guides fit the best in engineering and industrial environments where people can use high poly rendering to view how complex machinery elements assemble.
  
  Museums and educational establishments can benefit from it too since it allows you to divide complex concepts into cross-sections and study each separately. 

Low Poly Models

A low poly base mesh is used when the visual details don’t matter as much as the “smoothness” of their performance. Hence they are used when users need to interact with the object.

• Virtual reality is becoming more popular in the marketing and educational industries due to multiple benefits. So, to make it run easily without glitches and provide a sufficient level of interaction, programmers rely on low poly models that cover it.

• Augmented reality goes hand in hand with virtual reality. Details also don’t matter as much as the speed of the model rendering here.

• 3D gaming is a booming industry. Many would argue it is a good example of a low poly modeling use case. Still, low poly models are often used in gaming to provide fast rendering time, especially for secondary characters and environments.

Should I Choose High Poly Over Low Poly Techniques?

Fewer polygons mean that such models load considerably faster. Each has it’s own advantages.

If you are looking for maximum detail, then add high poly detail. Used for motion CG imagery and animation. More polygons = visual richness.

If you need maximum speed – Low polygon modeling gives you lower poly count. It is great for the gaming industry. Go for a low poly mesh and compensate with a normal map.

There is a diversity of 3D modeling services and opportunities for any artist who wants to master it. All they need is reliable 3D modeling software, time, and creativity. The type of 3D modeling technique doesn’t matter that much.

Be it a high poly modeling or low poly counts, your 3D object will be good as long as it serves the purpose it was created for. Since low poly modeling is simpler you’ll start there. However, mastering it along with the high poly will benefit you better.

The post What is Low Poly and High Poly Modeling? appeared first on 3D Studio.

When it comes to 3D modeling, there are two types: hard surface modeling and organic modeling. Both are used to create 3D objects with the same type of polygons, similar mesh, and almost the same software. 

The fine line between hard surface and organic defined by various modelers is what makes it hard to comprehend. 

One is more appropriate for 3D visualization, while the other is extensively used in animation.

Confused already?

It is just the beginning. In this article, we’re going to provide an answer to the difference between hard surface and organic modeling. The difference gets blurry depending on who you ask. 

However, you’ll get an understanding of each of these categories to know how to market your 3D services better and define what models you’re most comfortable working with.

Shall we start?

What is Organic Modeling?

The things organic modeling covers range from people and animals to trees, plants, and other organic objects. Generally, these are living things. That’s why animated objects are also considered organic though they might be man-made. 

However, we’ll come to that later.

Usually, organic models are built of complete quads – four-sided polygons. It helps to avoid deformation at the rendering and animation stages. So, the shape doesn’t matter that much as long as the number of sides equals four, unlike in hard surface modeling. At the same time using N-gons (polygons with 5 sides or more) is not recommended at all.

Though a 3D object is already created in a polygon 3D modeling software, it doesn’t mean it is complete.

To add finer details and produce more real-life models, an object is imported into sculpting software like ZBrush. Only then does it get the realistic touch it needs to meet the expectations.

Nevertheless, to master organic modeling, you have to explore a lot of reference images and study the anatomy of living things to bring them to life in a digital environment. 

Note: While you can add the texture and details in sculpting software – creases, curves, and bumps of a living object could be achieved only with the mesh.

What is Hard Surface Modeling?

Considering the description of the organic modeling it shouldn’t be hard for you to define what hard surface modeling is. It is modeling man-made objects that contain no curves or smooth edges. Generally, it covers all inorganic and non-living objects like cars, buildings, computers, furniture, and any other static machined objects.

The first thing that differentiates hard surface modeling from organic is the type of polygons used. The latter requires a model to be of complete quads. That you know already. 

However, hard surface modeling is far more moderate in that matter. The number of sides in a polygon doesn’t matter that much, as long as a result is satisfying. 

Pro Tip: Stick to quads as much as possible even in hard surface modeling. It will simplify the object operations further on.

Hard surface modeling is a preferred way for beginners to learn how to 3D model. Creating plain flat edges is generally simpler than complex detail-oriented models. That’s why it is the best way to learn how to operate 3D modeling software and cover the basics. 

Still, you need to have some images and blueprints to refer to if you want to master your hard surface modeling skills.

Hard Surface Modeling vs Organic Modeling

According to the information already provided, it might seem that there is a clear line between hard surface modeling and organic modeling. They operate on different principles after all.

You shouldn’t jump to conclusions though. It gets trickier when you start comparing them.

Generally, it depends on who you ask. However, there are three different ways to define whether an object is a hard surface or organic. 

Difference #1

The first one we’ve already established – organic modeling is used to produce living things, and hard surface – to create man-made objects. 

However, when you take a man-made couch that is anything but hard-edged, it gets difficult to draw that fine line between these 3D modeling categories.

Difference #2

The second way a lot of modelers define the difference between hard surface modeling is by the way an object is constructed. 

The topology, edge flow, and polygon mesh define if the object is hard surface or organic. Like in this example, an inorganic couch with smooth flowing edges can’t be considered a hard surface. Same as an organic rock that is nothing but soft can’t be defined as the product of organic modeling.

Finally, let’s consider a juice can that is far from organic and soft. Correspondingly it is a hard surface model. However, once you add animation and make it move around it is organic.

Difference #3

The third way of defining the 3D model category is through animation which eventually comes down to the way an object is constructed. 

To smoothly transition into other forms, an object has to have smooth curves. So, some modelers define such objects as organic. However, a sports car that is made by man also has flowing curves. The other, correspondingly, consider it to be organic too. 

Do you get why there is no clear definition for the difference between hard surface and organic modeling now?

Some designers work only in character modeling, some create architectural models, and others provide product rendering services. The best option is to stick to one of the above-mentioned definitions. It will allow you to better translate what kind of models you’re most comfortable working with.

Things to Define Hard Surface and Organic Modeling By

Pro Tip:  Regardless of whether you choose to pursue hard surface modeling or organic modeling, you have to remember – you can reach excellence in one category or spend a multitude of efforts to master both. 

And to get you going we have some tips for organic and hard surface modeling.

What It Takes to Master Organic Modeling

As it’s been already established, organic modeling is all about details since it’s the only way for you to reach the real-life model. Correspondingly, there are a few things you have to take into account.

Study Anatomy

Your organic model is good only as long as it looks real. And since those are living objects you work with in organic modeling, learning the basics of the anatomy of people and animals is a must. 

To draw all of those flowing curves and bumps you have to know how muscles and bones coordinate with each other. Only this will make the outcome more realistic, especially if the model is to be animated.

Improve Your Drawing Skills

Once you hone the basics of anatomy it is recommended that you draw your model from different viewpoints. It allows you to cover various perspectives of an object and define how each of the smallest details works together.

Learn Topology and Edge Loops

Since organic models can be animated, model rigging is an essential part of the process, especially in 3D character modeling. It is where the knowledge of the edge loops and character topology is essential. Besides, real-life anatomical concepts resemble the smooth edge closely. 

Thus, your anatomy skills take over your creative instincts when it comes to character rigging. 

Note: Avoid challenges and deformation. Pay close attention to the edge loop and topology of an organic model.

Use Only Quads

Quads are easier to operate and render. That is why you should use only quads when creating an organic object. Avoid N-gons at all costs and cut the number of triangles to the minimum unless you want to face issues at the rendering and animation stages. 

Use Edge Modeling Together with Box Modeling

To create stunning organic models you can leverage different modeling techniques, edge and box modeling in particular. While the first allows you to extrude or string some points together before adding any further geometry, the other covers the basics. 

Tips to Leverage Hard Surface Modeling

While hard surface modeling is more moderate in terms of the complexity of the modeling process, there are also some recommendations you should rely on. 

Plan the Shapes

In organic modeling, you have to study the anatomy of living things. The same goes for hard surface modeling. You have to know the anatomy of your future model and plan the shapes. It allows you to avoid deformation and get the right proportions from the beginning. 

The last thing you want is some of the elements of your hard surface model to be “slightly” off after you add the details.

Study the Interaction of Joints

In concrete design, modelers come across multiple restrictions in motion where functionality takes over the design. In 3D modeling design, on the other hand, you can explore the ins and outs of a mechanism and the interaction of its joints. 

It allows you to experiment and achieve a robust model before sending it to 3D sculpting. Such mechanisms somehow also resemble the anatomy in organic modeling, don’t they?

Focus on a Variety of Shapes

In hard surface modeling, you should always add details symmetrically to save the technical integrity of a model. However, you should analyze different options to hold 3 scale variations too. Try to keep large areas without adding any details or, on the contrary, add them to the smaller parts to make a model more appealing.

Render Your Models with MODO

If you want to avoid the fusion of meshed subdivisions, but still add a big number of Booleans, use MODO. It rounds the edges and handles rendering more effectively, which saves you tons of time.

Explore the Bevel Tool

Hard surface models tend to have tighter topology, harder edges, smaller curves, and cleaner meshes. Though they still look realistic thanks to the bevel tool. 

There are no rules that forbid using soft elements and shapes in hard surface modeling. 

Note: Hard edges only make your model more artificial. Therefore, you should bevel the meshes and edges so the light reacts with them during rendering. 

Create Fresh Topology

As the process advances from a simple shape to a complete object, a sketch gets more complicated. To facilitate your work at this stage, you can re-topologize the model into more discrete pieces with the topology tool. The intensity of the brush should be set to more than 0 to achieve ticker topology. Most 3D modeling software provides that.

Save Your Past Work

Modeling the same thing over and over again is good for practicing and sharpening your skills. Still, once you gain some experience, it becomes unnecessary and tedious. There is no point in building the same blocks in similar models if you can just use the ones you’ve created before.

Don’t you agree?

Always save your work since it may optimize your future projects and save you the time you’d rather spend on adding finer details.

Hard Surface or Organic: Choose the One You Like More (Conclusion)

3D modeling requires a great deal of effort to make it work. Your work is good as long as the final result comes out as you intended. Regarding this, hard surface or organic doesn’t really matter. The first thing someone’s going to pay attention to in your 3D model is your expertise, not the modeling category it belongs to.

Don’t let the disputed meaning of these 3D modeling categories distract you from creating your masterpiece. Just define what things you are more interested in and you’re good to go. 

Nevertheless, hard surface modeling is a good start. But once you get experience and hone your modeling skills, you’ll definitely come across organic models.

Which appeals to you more: the hard surface of organic?

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